Albert Camus-the Outsider - 1194 Words

â€Å"Probably no European writer of his time left so deep a mark on the imagination.† – Conor Cruise O’Brien. First published in French as L’Etranger in 1942, Albert Camus’ The Outsider addresses the constrictive nature of society and what happens when an individual tries to break free from the conformity forced upon him by staying true to himself, and following his own ideal of absolute truth and sincerity in every action. Propelled more by the philosophy of existentialism and the notion of the absurd than plot and characters, Camus’ novel raises many questions about life, and answers them in a final chilling climax. The plot of The Outsider revolves around a central act of unmeditated violence on a beach, proving that â€Å"the darkest†¦show more content†¦Existentialism refers to the philosophy that questions life which exists in a hostile environment. Camus, along with his friend, fellow writer, and French Resistance leader Jean-Paul Sartre pushed this train of thought into mainstream culture. In the extended essay The Myth of Sisyphus, Camus realises the only philosophical question worth asking is whether or not to commit suicide. The absurd nature of life referred to is the incompatibility of incomprehensible circumstances such as impending death, cruelty, violence, genocide and racism, and the overwhelming desire for, and expectation of a happy life and the principles of optimism. One primary example of the absurd given in the text is the co-existence of the suffering and joy in life. This view of absurdity is shared with the existentialist Simone de Beauvoir who contends that the suffering in death is a â€Å"scandal†. The hostile environment, or constant, harsh circumstances are represented in the text by the oppressive heat of the sun which is ever-present at the side of Meursault’s consciousness. He feels it as he walks to his mother’s funeral service through the French countryside; He feels it beating down on him when he’s out swimming with a girl, Marie; he feels its uncomfortable, abrasive fire inescapably as he fires the bullets into the Arab’s body. Meursault becomes aware of the absurdity of life on the eve of his death as he realises that he’s â€Å"happy†, andShow MoreRelatedThe Outsider By Albert Camus1139 Words   |  5 PagesAlbert Camus’ novel The Outsider follows a young French Algerian, Meursault, who lives his day to day life detached from the rest of the world. Along with his indifference towards others, Meursault has alienated himself from society with his absurdist ideas and blata nt honesty. Camus has structured the novel into two parts. In Part I we see Meursault’s routines, habits and general reactions to daily events around him. At the end of Part I Meursault kills an Arab man which eventually leads to hisRead MoreEssay on The Outsider by Albert Camus 1536 Words   |  7 PagesThe Outsider by Albert Camus BACKGROUND: ‘In our society,’ wrote Albert Camus, ‘any man who doesn’t cry at his mother’s funeral is liable to be condemned to death.’ This may seem a bewilderingly dramatic, almost self-indulgent sort of assertion, but it is one which Camus brought to life in The Outsider, and to frankly devastating effect. The Outsider has become something of a cult classic over the years, especially in undergraduate circles. It inspired The Cure’s ‘Killing an Arab’, a song whichRead MoreThe Outsider by Albert Camus Analysis of Themes672 Words   |  3 Pagesresonance of Camus’s philosophical notion of absurdity. In his essays, Camus asserts that individual lives and human existence in general have no rational meaning or order. However, because people have difficulty accepting this notion, they constantly attempt to identify or create rational structure and meaning in their lives. The term â€Å"absurdity† describes humanit y’s futile attempt to find rational order where none exists. Though Camus does not explicitly refer to the notion of absurdity in The StrangerRead MoreA Outsider Of The Stranger By Andre Gide And Albert Camus1850 Words   |  8 Pages Andre Gide and Albert Camus seemingly had much in common. Both were French-speaking Nobel Prize winning writers with deep ties to France’s African territories and strong anti-establishment tendencies who sought to cast off the burdens society foisted upon them. Yet their as best evidenced by their respective best-known texts, Gide’s L Immoraliste (The Immoralist) and Camus’ L’Étranger (The Stranger). While both novels center around aloof young men hostile to the norms that society foists upon themRead MoreThe Outsider, by Albert Camus and The Assault, by Harry Mulisch1380 Words   |  6 PagesCamus and Mulisch present that the past and present are interrelated. The authors do this through the two characters, Meursault and Anton. Through Meursault, we see that his past actions affect the outcome of his trial. Through Anton, we see that his present situation constantly brings him back to his past despite him trying to escape it. Thus the authors stylist ically link the past and present to demonstrate that they are inevitably related, where certain events are unavoidable or the past is undeniableRead More Comparing Story Openings of Bleak House by Charles Dickens to The Outsider by Albert Camus954 Words   |  4 PagesAt the opening of the story The Outsider, the writer Albert Camus places time in the wrong order. This creates the impression that we are seeing into the characters thoughts rather than a story being told to us. It works very effectively as the paragraphs are spontaneous and not in any form of order, thus creating a mental picture in our heads of one or two day?s worth of events, as if we were remembering them ourselves. This, however, does not apply to Bleak house. Dickens does not use any formRead More Comparing Albert Camus The Stranger (The Outsider) and Jean-Paul Sartres Nausea2131 Words   |  9 PagesLack of Order in Albert Camus The Stranger (The Outsider) and Jean-Paul Sartres Nausea  Ã‚   Nausea, by Jean-Paul Sartre, and The Stranger, by Albert Camus, refuse to impose order on their events by not using psychology, hierarchies, coherent narratives, or cause and effect. Nausea refuses to order its events by not inscribing them with psychology or a cause for existence, and it contrasts itself with a text by Balzac that explains its events. Nausea resists the traditional strategy of includingRead MoreComparison of How Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in the Outsider Have Used Moral Issues to Develop Their Works1599 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of how Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in The Outsider have used moral issues to develop their works It is debatable whether morality is a code of conduct that is considered right by society or whether it is a code unilaterally decided upon by an individual. When we consider morality as a tool used by both Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in The Outsider, this debate holds immense relevance. Wonderful Fool, heavily influenced by Christian doctrine, addressesRead MoreComparison of How Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in the Outsider Have Used Moral Issues to Develop Their Works1612 Words   |  7 PagesComparison of how Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in The Outsider have used moral issues to develop their works It is debatable whether morality is a code of conduct that is considered right by society or whether it is a code unilaterally decided upon by an individual. When we consider morality as a tool used by both Shusaku Endo in Wonderful Fool and Albert Camus in The Outsider, this debate holds immense relevance. Wonderful Fool, heavily influenced by Christian doctrine, addressesRead MoreThe Outsider1524 Words   |  7 Pagesof an extract from pages 14 to 15 from The Outsider by Albert Camus Word Count: 1,378 I have decided to focus on an extract from chapter 1 of Albert Camus’ The Outsider as I feel this extract is highly significant as it serves as a device of exposition to develop Meursault’s, continuously judged, character and provides foregrounding for the rest of the novel. The prose style throughout this extract allows Camus to convey his philosophy of the absurd and portray

The Significance of Death and Sex to William Shakespeare

The Significance of Death and Sex to William Shakespeare In this essay, I will consider Death and Sin in Shakespearean drama and I would like to look at three of Shakespeares tragic plays: Hamlet, Othello and King Lear. Shakespeare uses many themes in all his play that attract audiences throughout history. The things he wrote about are as relevant now as they were in his time. Death and Sin were issues that are always around. In his plays, Shakespeare could comment on these things and make audiences see things that they could not before. In Hamlet, we can see clear examples of Death and Sin as significant to Shakespearean drama. The first thing that points to both death and sin is the inclusion of a ghost in the play.†¦show more content†¦Claudius is the cause of a death and therefore also the committer of a sin, and having committed incest, he is guilty of two sins. The cause of the revelations on Claudius character as revealed by the ghost make him a hated character in the play by the audience. There is normally a character that the audience know everything about, giving cause for them to hate him, and Claudius is Hamlets hated Character. Religion in the 16th Century was still a prominent issue. Religion had changed from Catholicism to Christianity, depending on which monarch was on the throne at the time. People were expected to change religion depending on what their monarch said or face being an outcast. In Elizabeths reign, the religion changed from Catholicism to Protestantism. Being unsure of religions myself, the definition in the Collins pocket dictionary is as follows: Protestant: n 1 follower of any of the Christian churches that split from the Roman Catholic Church in the sixteenth century. Adj 2 of or relating to such a church. Protestantism n In the Ten Commandments, written for the Christian faith, there are some elements that must be followed that are also relevant to Shakespeares writing: Honour thy father and thy mother. Then you will live a long time in the land. You must not murder anyone. You must not be guilty of adultery. You must not want to take your neighbours house. You must not want hisShow MoreRelatedThe Oedipal Relationship between Hamlet and Gertrude Essay851 Words   |  4 Pages Throughout William Shakespeares Hamlet, Shakespeare portrays Hamlet with the same types of behaviors and frustrations in humans that Sigmund Freud saw at a much later date. When the relationship between Hamlet and his mother is analyzed Freuds oedipal complex theory comes to mind. The oedipal complex is a theory created by Freud that states that The child takes both of its parents, and more particularly one of them, as the object of its erotic wishes.(51) Because of this desire to be withRead MoreOedipus Relationship Between Hamlet and Gertrude1224 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout William Shakespeares Hamlet, Shakespeare portrays Hamlet with the same types of behaviors and frustrations in humans that Sigmund Freud saw at a much later date. When the relationship between Hamlet and his mother is analyzed Freuds oedipal complex theory comes to mind. Sigmund Freud first wrote about his theory in his book An Interpretation of Dreams in 1899. Simply put, Freud states that it is normal for children to have sexual desires for their parent of the opposite sex. He saysRead More Homosexuality in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice1474 Words   |  6 PagesHomosexuality in William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice With every great story line comes a theme. William Shakespeare created an art of intertwining often unrecognizable themes within his plays. In Shakespeare’s play, The Merchant of Venice, one hidden theme is the idea of homosexuality. This theme might not have even been noticed until modern Shakespeare fans discovered them. According to Alan Bray’s book, Homosexuality in Renaissance England, â€Å"the modern image of ‘the homosexual’Read MoreComparing Attitudes Toward Love in First Love, Shall I Compare Thee, Porphyrias Love and The Flea1055 Words   |  5 Pagesdifferent types of love, whether its between mother and child, friends, lovers or a shop-a-holic and her credit card. Many poets have written on the subject of love and tried to capture the essence of the indescribable feeling. William Shakespeare discusses romantic, eternal love in Shall I Compare Thee...? whereas John Clare addresses the issue of unrequited love in First Love. Contrasting with these ideas of admiration and romantic love is John Donnes The FleaRead MoreThe Role of Women in Julius Caesar773 Words   |  4 PagesRoman girl would then be coerced into the dominion of her husband, often taking a plethora of roles, ranging from lover, caretaker, and best friend. It is often lightheartedly stated that, â€Å"Behind every great man is an even greater woman,† and William Shakespeare exemplifies this concept beautifully in Julius Caesar, in which he effectively used the spouses of the two main characters to add more depth, drama, and literary elements to the play, bringing it to life. Although the only two female charactersRead MoreEssay on Second Character Role in Hamlet by William Shakespeare1355 Words   |  6 Pages In many stories, the concept of a secondary character role is often overlooked and deemed irreverent. However, in the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare and the novel Fifth Business by Robertson Davies, the secondary characters Horatio and Dunstan Ramsay respectively both play a cruc ial role in the fulfillment of â€Å"Fifth Business†. According to Davies, Fifth Business are those roles which, being neither those of Hero nor Heroine, Confidante nor Villain, but which were nonetheless essentialRead MoreHamlet Soliloquies Essay1218 Words   |  5 Pagesessential condition for tragedy is met – in the Aristotelian sense at least. Shakespearean tragedy however, is not an exact mirror of that outlined by Aristotle. Poetics outlined that the drama should largely focus on action. In â€Å"Hamlet† however, Shakespeare has the audience learning about the central character through soliloquies rather than action. Soliloquies allow the audience, and readers, to delve deep into the mind of the character and find out the truth. As one critic noted, it is a conventionRead MoreHamlet Essay Holly Silm1491 Words   |  6 Pagesintegrity of that text. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet has inspired diverse interpretations regarding its authorial preoccupat ions, structure and language choices, peculiar to the ideological, historical and cultural lenses of its commentators. The consequent reception and significance assigned to this text over the centuries simultaneously betrays the polyspersectivity of critical interpretation and the expedient perspicacity of social commentators. Asserting that Shakespeare and his work reflects theRead MoreRepresentations of Romantic Love in Poetry Across the Periods1480 Words   |  6 Pagesattitudes towards romantic love have shifted with changing values and beliefs. ‘Sonnet 130’ by William Shakespeare from the Elizabethan period, ‘Valediction: Forbidding Mourning’ by John Donne from the metaphysical period, and ‘Lullaby’ by W.H. Auden from the modern period are three poems that clearly reflect the changing representations of romantic love across time. The Elizabethan period in which William Shakespeare wrote was a time of cultural renaissance in England. Sonnets were written for the entertainmentRead MoreThe Role of Women in Julius Caesar Essay820 Words   |  4 PagesRoman girl would then be coerced into the dominion of her husband, often taking a plethora of roles, ranging from lover, caretaker, and best friend. It is often lightheartedly stated that, â€Å"Behind every great man is an even greater woman,† and William Shakespeare exemplifies this concept beautifully in Julius Caesar, in which he effectively used the spouses of the two main characters to add more depth, drama, and literary elements to the play, bringing it to life. Although the only two female characters

Current Event Fashion Ysl Free Essays

Paige Restivo Fashion Fundamentals Assignment #2 Current Event Yvan Mispelaere Out as DVF Creative Director September 12, 2012 â€Å"After two-and-a-half years as creative director at Diane von Furstenberg, Yvan Mispelaere is out the door. † (Rosemary Feitelberg) The article I haven chosen was published during fashion week shortly after the DVF spring 2013 runway show. It grabbed my attention because the title claiming creative director Yvan was gone and I knew that the show had just went on. We will write a custom essay sample on Current Event Fashion Ysl or any similar topic only for you Order Now His departure was announced 48 hours after the show. Mispelaere had worked with many designers before DVF, such as Yves Saint Laurent, Chloe, Valentino, Luis Feraud and Gucci just before DVF in march. He was very talented but never known for sticking to one project. Mispelaere was in for the challenge of it, he said earlier in the week, â€Å"I came to DVF to help further the brand’s mission and create a world-class design team. I am confident we have been able to achieve that during my time with the company. I can’t thank Diane enough for the opportunity to work with her and such talented people. The group is now well-positioned for even greater success, and I am eager to take on my next challenge. . I noticed a significant up bringing in Diane von Furstenberg’s line shortly after Yvan had joined the team, in past years DVF had been known but not the way it is now. Yvan Mispelaere felt his job was done and it was time for time next. I think the most propionate points of this article was when press had asked von F urstenberg to comment on behalf of his departure nothing but kind words were said. Von Furstenberg thinks he added â€Å"enormous value†, and is more than thankful to have had him join the team to help further them in each direction. Even though Yvan Mispealere had left DVF without a creative director, they are not eager to replace him just yet. Thankfully shortly before Yvan leaving DVF, they had just signed on Joel Horowitz as co-chairman. Down one man, but still have another to help run things smoothly. They are determined to keep DVF growing and becoming more of a world class brand. I enjoyed reading this article because I think drama in the fashion world is interesting, but shortly after analyzing this article I realized there actually wasn’t any major drama. Yvan would move on to his next big project, and Diane von Furstenberg was just happy to have had him to help. Closing this article was a comment by von Furstenberg – â€Å"I hope Yvan will immediately put his signature on the collection, I’m curious to see his slant. But it will still be DVF. † Rosemary Feitelberg (2012). Yvan Mispelaere Out as DVF Creative Director. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www. wwd. com/fashion-news/designer-luxury/yvan-mispelaere-out-as-dvf-creative-director-6274810. [Last Accessed September 14, 2012]. How to cite Current Event Fashion Ysl, Essay examples

Law of Torts Rights and Liabilities in Tort

Question: Discuss about the case study Law of Torts for Rights and Liabilities in Tort. Answer: Introduction: The first issue in and in a related with the damages that can be awarded to David and Richard's mother Fiona who have suffered post-traumatic stress disorder and Fiona has not been able to sleep for months. Therefore it needs to be seen if the damages for psychiatric injury can be awarded in this case or not. Similarly verified that the president is this is related with the liability of Armidale District Council for the injuries suffered by Barry as a branch of a tree adjoining the road fell on his car. In this case, the responsibility for the upkeep of the road and the adjoining land was of the Council. Another reason that also needs to be discussed in this assignment is if the wife of Richard, Constance and his two children, Albert and Edwards were entitled to compensation, particularly when they had started to live with a wealthy stockbroker, Hector who was taking very good care of them. Rule: As is the case with negligence under the common law, for the purpose of establishing negligence under the Civil Liability Act, a plaintiff is required to establish that the defendant owed a duty of care to the plaintiff, such duty of care has been breached by the defendant and it has resulted in the damage alleged by the plaintiff. Generally it is considered that the modern negligence law has been recognized in Donoghue v Stevenson. Therefore, for bringing a positive claim under negligence, it is essential that the claimant establishes that the defendant had a duty of care towards the plaintiff; such duty has been breached by the defendant; the breach of duty has resulted in damage and such damage was not too remote. The legal test that can be used for imposing the duty differs on the basis of the type of loss suffered by the claimant. Therefore in case of personal injury and property, generally the Caparo test is applied by the courts. On the other hand, in case of psychiatric injury, the Alcock test is applied. In order to establish a breach of duty, an objective test is used for the purpose of deciding if the defendant has breached the duty of care. On the other hand, the 'but for' test is used for the purpose of deciding causation. This test was provided by the court in Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital. But, in certain conditions, some other concerns may also apply. The test provided in The Wagon Mound no 1 is used by the courts for the purpose of deciding the remoteness of damage. According to this test, defendant can be held liable only if the loss was of a foreseeable nature. Therefore if the loss suffered by the claimant was of the foreseeable nature, the defendant will be liable to the full extent of the loss even if the loss suffered by the claimant was much greater than expected. The tort law in Australia is heavily influenced by the common law but this position has been changed after the introduction of the Civil Liability Act. Advice for David and Fiona for the psychiatric injury suffered by them: A restricting approach has been assumed by the court in awarding damages for the psychiatric injury that has been inflicted as a result of negligence. Apart from the Caparo test that is used for imposing a duty of care, several restrictions have been imposed by the courts that have to be satisfied by the claimant for the purpose of establishing reliability of the defendant for the psychiatric injury that has been inflicted as a result of negligence. First of all, an actual psychiatric injury should have been caused. The result is that the emotions of sorrow and grief are not sufficient to be considered as psychiatric injury. In the same way, the feelings of fear, panic or terror are also not considered as psychiatric injury. In the beginning, the claims for psychiatric injury were limited to those who fear for their personal safety. However, as a result of the development of the law in this field, a wide range of circumstances have been allowed by the courts but still they are quite restricted. In this regard, the law makes a difference amid the primary and secondary victims. In this regard, Lord Oliver stated in Alcock that primary victims are the persons who have been involved mediately or immediately as a member in the incident. Later on, this was restricted to the persons who were in the physical danger zone as mentioned in White Ors v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire. In this context, the court stated in McFarlane v E. E. Caledonia that an objective attitude has to be adopted by deciding if the plaintiff is in physical danger area or not. The law requires that the primary victims only have to establish that the physical harm suffered by them was foreseeable. Therefore it is not required that the psychiatric harm suffered by them was also foreseeable if the personal harm was probable. In this regard it also needs to be noted that a primary victims does not have a duty of care towards the secondary victim, regarding self-inflicted harm. On the other hand, the secondary victims are the persons who are not within the physical danger zone but who have witnessed horrific events. In this case, the law requires that the secondary victims should establish that the four criteria mentioned in Alcock are present for the purpose of establishing liability. These are the presence of a close tie of love and affection; seeing the event with their own unaided senses; closeness to the occurrence itself or the immediate aftermath of the event; and the psychiatric harm suffered by the claimant should be due to a shocking event. The law provides that a close tie of love and affection is presumable between parent and child and between spouses but in case of other relationships, it has to be proved by the claimant. Particularly, in case of siblings, generally there is no presumption in favour of a close tie of love and affection. The second requirement is that the claimant should have witnessed the event the own unaided senses. Therefore, for example witnessing the event on the television is not considered a sufficient. The other requirement is the proximity to the event itself or its immediate aftermath. For example in Alcock, it was held by the court that the relatives who had visited the makeshift mortuary for identifying their loved ones were not within the immediate aftermath of the event. Therefore, what amounts to immediate aftermath of an event depends on the facts of each case. It is also require that the psychiatric injury should have been caused by a shocking event. In this context, Lord Ackner stat ed in Alcock that, shock, in context of this cause of action, involves the sudden appreciation of qualifying event, by sight or sound, which has violently educated the mind. However it is yet to include the psychiatric injury that has been caused as a result of accumulation of more gradual assaults on the nervous system over a period of time. As a result, the persons who have suffered psychiatric injury due to the long-term process of providing care to a loved one underwent harms due to the negligence of the defendants, are excluded. In this part of the assignment, the issue is related with the liability of Armidale District Council (ADC) as David's brother, Barry has suffered injuries when he was driving along a country road and was hit when an overhanging branch of the tree fell off. The responsibility for the road and the tree was vested with the ADC. It can be said in this regard that in certain respects, the statutory bodies are not different from other defendants so far as they liability under negligence is concerned. Therefore, the law provides that if the loss of the lament as being caused by the negligence of the public authority, for example by negligently causing the plaintiff to suffer physical injury or making a misleading statement to the plaintiff negligently, the statutory authority can be held liable in the same way as in case of any other defendant and the ordinary principles of the law of negligence can be applied. The emerging contemporary position regarding the liability of the statutory auth orities have negligence is that if the powers vested in the authority by the statute gives the authority a significant amount of control on the safety of the persons and the persons are in a vulnerable position, then a duty of care will be present on part of the authority towards these persons. Although, it will be a question of fact if the requisite degree of control and vulnerability is present in a particular case, it was decided by the court in Brodie v Singleton Shire Council that the highway authority was in a position where they had physical control on the object which was the source of harm suffered by the plaintiff. Therefore in the absence of immunity, the authority will have a duty of care towards the road users. Similarly, the liability of Warwick has to be decided regarding the death of Richard that was caused as a result of the accident that took place due to the negligence of Warwick. It has been stated by the High Court that the monetary cap that has been imposed by section 12(2) of the Civil Liability Act is not applicable to the claims that have been initiated under the Compensation to Relatives Act, 1897. As there is no reference to the deceased in section 12(2) the section should not be considered as limiting damages for the economic loss to the gross weekly earnings of the claimant. In this regard, it needs to be noted that Richard had a wife, Constance and two children aged 3 and 16. At the birth of their first child, Constance had given up her job and was taking care of the family. However after the death of Richard, Constance met her old boyfriend Hector who was a wealthy stockbroker and was taking very good care of the children. Under these circumstances, it needs to be decided if Warwick will be liable to pay compensation to Constance and Albert and Edward. In this regard, the law provides that the basis of compensation is not solatium or in other words, the damages awarded for damaged feelings or due to sentiments but these images are founded on the reimbursement for a monetary loss This is the approach approved in Australia regarding compensation and the law in Australia has been interpreted as applying only to the pecuniary loss that has been incurred by those members of the family of the deceased who were eligible to bring the claim. In most of the case s, the highest monetary loss is the forfeiture of income. Therefore it needs to be noted that the main source of pecuniary damage is the forfeiture of the net earnings of the deceased, present as well as the future. Therefore the foundation of calculation is the quantity of the wages or earnings of the deceased and out of this, the estimated amount required by the deceased for his personal and living expenses, has to be deducted. Therefore, the value of dependency not only includes expected maintenance but also savings. The law also provides that the domestic services provided by the deceased also have a economic value that can be assessed and the deprivation of service is also a pecuniary loss as is the lack of income. The extent of compensation that can be paid in a particular case has to be decided on the ground of the actual damages up until the time the damages are evaluated and the fiscal value of the support and services reasonably expected to be provided by the deceased in future. Application: Under these circumstances, it can be said that David does not satisfy the test described in Alcock. The reason is that he does not have a closed idea of love and affection with the victim of the accident. Moreover, he had not witnessed the accident himself or its immediate aftermath. In the same way, it can be said that the mother of the victim, Fiona also does not have a successful claim for the psychiatric injury suffered by her because although they can be presumed that she had a close tie of love and affection with the victim, being a mother but she had not witnessed the incident with her own unaided senses. In the present case also, Barry was driving on a country road and the responsibility for the road and the tree was of the ADC. At the same time, the Council was aware of the fact that the branches of trees falling off and hitting cars on the roads was a problem and the Council has also developed procedure for deciding the priority according to which the trees have to be cut down or pruned for reducing this risk. However the procedure for determining the priorities was adopted carelessly by the Council and if a careful process would have been adopted by the Council, the branch that hit Barry's car and injured him would have been removed earlier. In this way, it is clear that in the present case, Barry had suffered injury as a result of negligence on the part of the Armidale Development Council. Under these circumstances, it can be said that that he Barry has a claim under negligence against the Council. In the present case also, Richard was a qualified solicitor and was 35 years of age. He was looking after his wife, Constance and two children Edward and Albert. Therefore in this case even if the family had started to live with Hector who was taking good care of the family, still the amount of damages payable to Constance and the two children has to be decided on the basis of their income of Richard. Warwick will be liable to pay damages to Constance and Albert and Edward on the basis of the past as well as the expected future income of Richard. Conclusion In this case, it can be said that compensation cannot be awarded to David and Fiona for the psychiatric injury suffered by them. On the other hand, Armidale District Council is liable to pay damages to Barry for the injuries suffered by him when a branch of a tree fell on his car. Warwick will be liable to pay compensation to Constance and the children of Richard, Albert and Edward even if Hector is supporting them and taking good care of them. References Balkin RP and Davis JLR, 2013, Law of Torts (LexisNexis Butterworths, 5th ed.) Davies M and Malkin I, 2014, Focus:Torts (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th ed). Lunney M Oliphant K, 2013, Tort Law: Text and Materials, Oxford University Press, 5thed. Luntz, H., Hambly, D., Burns, K., Dietrich, J. and Foster, N., 2012, Torts: Cases and Commentary (LexisNexis Butterworths, 7th ed. Mendelson, D, 2015, The New Law of Torts, Oxford University Press, 3rd ed. Richards B, De Zwart M, Ludlow K, 2013, Torts Law Principles, Thomson Reuters Sapideen, Vines Watson, 2012, Torts: Commentary and Materials (Thomson Reuters) Stewart, P Stuhmcke, 2012, Australian Principles of Tort Law (Federation Press, 3rd ed) Stickley A, 2013, Australian Torts Law, LexisNexis Butterworths, 3rd ed. Alcock v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1992] 1 AC 310 Barnett v Chelsea Kensington Hospital [1969] 1 QB 428 Behrens ors v Bertram Mills Circus Ltd. [1957] 2 QB 1 Brodie v Singleton Shire Council [2001] HCA 29 Caparo Industries plc v Dickman [1990] UKHL 2 Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 562 Greatorex v Greatorex [2001] 1 WLR 1970 Hinz v Berry [1970] 2 QB 40 McFarlane v E. E. Caledonia [1994] 1 Lloyd's Rep 16 Page v Smith [1996] 1 AC 155 Reilly Anor v Merseyside Regional Health Authority [1994] EWCA Civ 30 Seymour v British Paints (Australia) Pty Ltd [1967] Qd R 227 Shaddock V Parramatta City Council (1981) ALR 385 W v Essex County Council [2000] 2 WLR 601 Wagon Mound no 1 [1961] AC 388 White Ors v Chief Constable of South Yorkshire [1998] 3 WLR 1509 Wyong Shire Council v Shirt [1980] HCA 12 Civil Liability Act, 2002